Positronium image of the human brain in vivo
P. Moskal, J. Baran, S. Bass, J. Choiński, N. Chug, C. Curceanu, E. Czerwiński, M. Dadgar, M. Das, K. Dulski, K.V. Eliyan, K. Fronczewska, A. Gajos, K. Kacprzak, M. Kajetanowicz, T. Kaplanoglu, Ł. Kapłon, K. Klimaszewski, M. Kobylecka, G. Korcyl, T. Kozik, W. Krzemień, K. Kubat, D. Kumar, J. Kunikowska, J. Mączewska, W. Migdał, G. Moskal, W. Mryka, S. Niedźwiecki, S. Parzych, E. Perez del Rio, L. Raczyński, S. Sharma, Shivani, R.Y. Shopa, M. Silarski, M. Skurzok, F. Tayefi, K. Tayefi, P. Tanty, W. Wiślicki, L. Królicki, E. Ł. Stępień
abstract
Positronium is abundantly produced within the molecular voids of a patient?s body during positron emission tomography (PET). Its properties dynamically respond to the submolecular architecture of the tissue and the partial pressure of oxygen. Current PET systems record only two annihilation photons and cannot provide information about the positronium lifetime. This study presents the in vivo images of positronium lifetime in a human, for a patient with a glioblastoma brain tumor, by using the dedicated Jagiellonian PET system enabling simultaneous detection of annihilation photons and prompt gamma emitted by a radionuclide. The prompt gamma provides information on the time of positronium formation. The photons from positronium annihilation are used to reconstruct the place and time of its decay. In the presented case study, the determined positron and positronium lifetimes in glioblastoma cells are shorter than those in salivary glands and those in healthy brain tissues, indicating that positronium imaging could be used to diagnose disease in vivo.
First positronium image of the human brain in vivo
P. Moskal, J. Baran, S. Bass, J. Choiński, N. Chug, C. Curceanu, E. Czerwiński, M. Dadgar, M. Das, K. Dulski, K.V. Eliyan, K. Fronczewska, A. Gajos, K. Kacprzak, M. Kajetanowicz, T. Kaplanoglu, Ł. Kapłon, K. Klimaszewski, M. Kobylecka, G. Korcyl, T. Kozik, W. Krzemień, K. Kubat, D. Kumar, J. Kunikowska, J. Mączewska, W. Migdał, G. Moskal, W. Mryka, S. Niedźwiecki, S. Parzych, E. Perez del Rio, L. Raczyński, S. Sharma, Shivani, R.Y. Shopa, M. Silarski, M. Skurzok, F. Tayefi, K. Tayefi, P. Tanty, W. Wiślicki, L. Królicki, E. Ł. Stępień
abstract
Positronium, an unstable atom consisting of an electron and a positron, is abundantly produced within the molecular voids of a patient?s body during positron emission tomography (PET) diagnosis. Its properties, such as its average lifetime between formation and annihilation into photons, dynamically respond to the submolecular architecture of the tissue and the partial pressure of oxygen molecules. However, the diagnostic information that positronium may deliver about early molecular alterations remains unavailable in clinics with state-of-the-art PET scanners.
This study presents the first in vivo images of positronium lifetime in humans. We developed a dedicated J-PET system with multiphoton detection capability for imaging. The measurements of positronium lifetime were performed on a patient with a glioblastoma tumor in the brain. The patient was injected intratumorally with the 68Ga radionuclide attached to Substance-P, which accumulates in glioma cells, and intravenously with 68Ga attached to the PSMA-11 ligand, which is selective to glioma cells and salivary glands. The 68Ga radionuclide is routinely used in PET for detecting radiopharmaceutical accumulation and was applied for positronium imaging because it can emit an additional prompt gamma. The prompt gamma enables the determination of the time of positronium formation, while the photons from positronium annihilation were used to reconstruct the place and time of its decay. The determined positronium mean lifetime in glioblastoma cells is shorter than in salivary glands, which in turn is shorter than in healthy brain tissues, demonstrating for the first time that positronium imaging can be used to diagnose disease in vivo. This study also demonstrates that if current total-body PET systems were equipped with multiphoton detection capability and the 44Sc radionuclide was applied, it would be possible to perform positronium imaging at 6500 times greater sensitivity than achieved in this research. Therefore, it is anticipated that positronium imaging has the potential to bring a new quality of cancer diagnosis in clinics.
Collective flow and correlations measurements with HADES in Au plus Au collisions at 1.23 AGeV
B. Kardan, J. Adamczewski-Musch, O. Arnold, B. Arnoldi-Meadows, A. Belounnas, A. Belyaev, J. Biernat, A. Blanco, C. Blume, M. Bohmer, P. Bordalo, L. Chlad, P. Chudoba, I. Ciepal, C. Deveaux, D. Dittert, J. Dreyer, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Fonte, C. Franco, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, T. Galatyuk, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, A. Gillitzer, O. Golosov, M. Golubeva, R. Greifenhagen, F. Guber, M. Gumberidze, S. Harabasz, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, C. Hohne, R. Holzmann, A. Ierusalimov, V. Ivanov, A. Ivashkin, B. Kampfer, M. Kajetanowicz, KH. Kampert, B. Kardan, V. Khomyakov, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, G. Korcyl, G. Kornakov, F. Kornas, R. Kotte, A. Kozela, J. Kubos, A. Kugler, T. Kunz, P. Kurilkin, V. Kushpil, V. Ladygin, R. Lalik, A. Lebedev, S. Linev, L. Lopes, M. Lorenz, G. Lykasov, T. Mahmoud, A. Malakhov, J. Markert, S. Maurus, et al.
abstract
The HADES experiment provides a large acceptance combined with a high mass resolution and therefore makes it possible to study dielectron and hadron production in heavy-ion collisions with unprecedented precision. With the high statistics of seven billion Au+Au collisions at 1.23 AGeV recorded in 2012 the investigation of collective effects and particle correlations is possible with unprecedented accuracy. We present multi-differential data on directed (v(1)) and elliptic (v(2)) flow, and the first measurement of triangular flow (v(3)), of protons and deuterons.
Multi-differential pattern of low-mass e(+)e(-) excess from root S-NN=2.4 GeV Au+Au collisions with HADES
S. Harabasz, J. Adamczewski-Musch, O. Arnold, B. Arnoldi-Meadows, A. Belounnas, A. Belyaev, J. Biernat, A. Blanco, C. Blume, M. Bohmer, P. Bordalo, L. Chlad, P. Chudoba, I. Ciepal, C. Deveaux, D. Dittert, J. Dreyer, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Fonte, C. Franco, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, T. Galatyuk, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, A. Gillitzer, O. Golosov, M. Golubeva, R. Greifenhagen, F. Guber, M. Gumberidze, S. Harabasz, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, C. Hohne, R. Holzmann, A. Ierusalimov, V. Ivanov, A. Ivashkin, B. Kampfer, M. Kajetanowicz, KH. Kampert, B. Kardan, V. Khomyakov, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, G. Korcyl, G. Kornakov, F. Kornas, R. Kotte, A. Kozela, J. Kubos, A. Kugler, T. Kunz, P. Kurilkin, V. Kushpil, V. Ladygin, R. Lalik, A. Lebedev, S. Linev, L. Lopes, M. Lorenz, G. Lykasov, T. Mahmoud, A. Malakhov, J. Markert, S. Maurus, et al.
abstract
The matter formed in central heavy-ion collisions at a few GeV per nucleon is commonly understood as resonance matter, a gas of nucleons and excited baryon states with a substantial contribution from mesonic, mostly pionic excitations. Yet, in the initial phase of the reaction the system is compressed to beyond nuclear ground state density and hence substantial modifications of the hadron properties are expected to occur. The spectral distribution of virtual photons measured in Au+Au collisions at 2.4 GeV center of mass energy indicates strong medium effects beyond pure superposition of individual NN collisions. We present multi-differential distributions of low-mass electron pairs. This radiation is remarkably well described assuming emission from a thermalized system. To gain deeper understanding of the microscopic origin of the radiation, we extracted the centrality dependent true (not blue-shifted) temperature, its azimuthal distribution, as well as mass-dependent effective slope parameter. Virtual photon spectra are confronted with available model calculations.
Sub-threshold strangeness production measured with HADES
G. Kornakov, J. Adamczewski-Musch, O. Arnold, B. Arnoldi-Meadows, A. Belounnas, A. Belyaev, J. Biernat, A. Blanco, C. Blume, M. Bohmer, P. Bordalo, L. Chlad, P. Chudoba, I. Ciepal, C. Deveaux, D. Dittert, J. Dreyer, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Fonte, C. Franco, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, T. Galatyuk, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, A. Gillitzer, O. Golosov, M. Golubeva, R. Greifenhagen, F. Guber, M. Gumberidze, S. Harabasz, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, C. Hohne, R. Holzmann, A. Ierusalimov, V. Ivanov, A. Ivashkin, B. Kampfer, M. Kajetanowicz, KH. Kampert, B. Kardan, V. Khomyakov, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, G. Korcyl, F. Kornas, R. Kotte, A. Kozela, J. Kubos, A. Kugler, T. Kunz, P. Kurilkin, V. Kushpil, V. Ladygin, R. Lalik, A. Lebedev, S. Linev, L. Lopes, M. Lorenz, G. Lykasov, T. Mahmoud, A. Malakhov, J. Markert, S. Maurus, V. Metag, et al.
abstract
At energies below root S-NN approximate to 2.55 GeV, strange quarks cannot be produced in binary nucleon-nucleon collisions because of the higher production threshold of the lightest hadrons carrying strangeness. Hence, the investigation of sub-threshold strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions is one of the most promising probes, to access the properties of the created system, as the missing energy must be provided by the latter one. For the first time, a nearly complete set of strange particles has been reconstructed in the 40% most central Au+Au collisions at. root S-NN = 2.42 GeV. The data sample includes multi-differential representations of charged and neutral particles containing strangeness (K-+/-,K-s(0), phi, Lambda). To achieve a better understanding of strangeness production the properties of the short-lived resonances have to be investigated. The first steps in this direction are presented here, including the reconstruction of baryon resonances using a new iterative technique, comparison to microscopic transport model calculations and interpretation of the pion transverse momentum distribution.
Time-Like Baryon Transitions studies with HADES
B. Ramstein, J. Adamczewski-Musch, O. Arnold, B. Arnoldi-Meadows, A. Belounnas, A. Belyaev, J. Biernat, A. Blanco, C. Blume, M. Bohmer, P. Bordalo, L. Chlad, P. Chudoba, I. Ciepal, C. Deveaux, D. Dittert, J. Dreyer, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Fonte, C. Franco, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, T. Galatyuk, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, A. Gillitzer, M. Golubeva, R. Greifenhagen, F. Guber, M. Gumberidze, S. Harabasz, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, M. Himmelreich, C. Hohne, R. Holzmann, A. Ierusalimov, V. Ivanov, A. Ivashkin, B. Kampfer, M. Kajetanowicz, KH. Kampert, T. Karavicheva, B. Kardan, V. Khomyakov, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, G. Korcyl, G. Kornakov, F. Kornas, R. Kotte, A. Kozela, J. Kubos, A. Kugler, T. Kunz, A. Kurepin, P. Kurilkin, V. Kushpil, V. Ladygin, R. Lalik, A. Lebedev, S. Linev, M. Liu, L. Lopes, M. Lorenz, G. Lykasov, et al.
abstract
The HADES collaboration uses the e(+)e(-) production as a probe of the resonance matter produced in collisions at incident energies of 1-3.5 GeV/nucleon at GSI. Elementary reactions provide useful references for these studies and give information on resonance Dalitz decays (R -> Ne(+)e(-)). Such processes are sensitive to the structure of time-like electromagnetic baryon transitions in a kinematic range where (off-shell) vector mesons play a crucial role. Results obtained in proton-proton reactions and in a commissioning pion-beam experiment are reported and prospects for future pion beam experiments and for first hyperon Dalitz decay measurements are described. The connection with the investigations of medium effects to be continued with HADES in the next years at SIS18 and SIS100 is also discussed.
Evaluation of Single-Chip, Real-Time Tomographic Data Processing on FPGA - SoC Devices
G. Korcyl, P. Białas, C. Curceanu, E. Czerwiński, K. Dulski, B. Flak, A. Gajos, B. Głowacz, M. Gorgol, B. C. Hiesmayr, B. Jasińska, K. Kacprzak, M. Kajetanowicz, D. Kisielewska, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, N. Krawczyk, W. Krzemień, E. Kubicz, M. Mohammed, Sz. Niedźwiecki, M. Pawlik- Niedźwiecka, M. Pałka, L. Raczyński, P. Rajda, Z. Rudy, P. Salabura, N. G. Sharma, S. Sharma, R. Y. Shopa, M. Skurzok, M. Silarski, P. Strzempek, A. Wieczorek, W. Wiślicki, R. Zaleski, B. Zgardzińska, M. Zieliński, P. Moskal
abstract
A novel approach to tomographic data processing
has been developed and evaluated using the Jagiellonian PET (J-
PET) scanner as an example. We propose a system in which there
is no need for powerful, local to the scanner processing facility,
capable to reconstruct images on the fly. Instead we introduce a
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) System-on-Chip (SoC)
platform connected directly to data streams coming from the
scanner, which can perform event building, filtering, coincidence
search and Region-Of-Response (ROR) reconstruction by the
programmable logic and visualization by the integrated
processors. The platform significantly reduces data volume
converting raw data to a list-mode representation, while
generating visualization on the fly.
Pressure stabilized straw tube modules for the PANDA Forward Tracker
J. Smyrski, T. Fiutowski, P. Gianotti, A. Heczko, M. Idzik, M. Kajetanowicz, G. Korcyl, B. Korzeniak, R. Lalik, E. Lisowski, A. Malarz, W. Migdal, A. Misiak, W. Przygoda, J. Ritman, P. Salabura, M. Savrie, K. Swientek, P. Wintz, A. Wronska
abstract
The design of straw tube detector modules developed for the PANDA Forward Tracker is presented. One module consists of 32 straws with 10 mm diameter, arranged in two staggered layers, and has a very low material budget of only 8.8.10(-4 )X(0). The overpressure of the working gas mixture of 1 bar makes the module self-supporting and enables the use of lightweight and compact support frames. Detection planes in the Forward Tracker consist of modules mounted closely, without gaps, next to each other on a support frame. A module can be mounted and dismounted from the frame without the need to remove the neighboring modules, enabling fast repairs. Technical details of the detector design and the assembly procedure of the straw tubes and the straw modules as well as results of performed tests of the modules are given.
Readout Electronics and Data Acquisition for Gaseous Tracking Detectors
G. Korcyl, P. Strzempek, A. Apostolou, T. Fiutowski, M. Idzik, M. Kajetanowicz, D. Przyborowski, P. Salabura, J. Smyrski, K. Swientek, P. Wintz
abstract
A complete, general solution for collecting and processing data from gaseous tracking detectors in high-rate applications has been developed. The readout chain consists of front-end modules equipped with PASTTREC ASIC chips and trigger readout boards version 3 (TRBv3) as a readout platform. The platform is accompanied by dedicated control, monitoring, and data quality assessment software. The entire system has been evaluated with a tracking system based on straw detectors in laboratory and in-beam experiments. In this paper, we present key elements of the system as well as results of various tests. The measured PASTTREC operation characteristics and the TRBv3 specification used for the readout allow us to adapt and to integrate it to the existing HADES spectrometer and the PANDA detector, an experiment under construction, both located at the FAIR facility in Darmstadt.
Multichannel FPGA based MVT system for high precision time (20 ps RMS) and charge measurement
M. Palka, P. Strzempek, G. Korcyl, T. Bednarski, S. Niedzwiecki, P. Bialas, E. Czerwinski, K. Dulski, A. Gajos, B. Glowacz, M. Gorgol, B. Jasinska, D. Kaminska, M. Kajetanowicz, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, W. Krzemien, E. Kubicz, M. Mohhamed, L. Raczynski, Z. Rudy, O. Rundel, P. Salabura, NG. Sharma, M. Silarski, J. Smyrski, A. Strzelecki, A. Wieczorek, W. Wislicki, M. Zielinski, B. Zgardzinska, P. Moskal
abstract
In this article it is presented an FPGA based Multi-Voltage Threshold (MVT) system which allows of sampling fast signals (1-2 ns rising and falling edge) in both voltage and time domain. It is possible to achieve a precision of time measurement of 20 ps RMS and reconstruct charge of signals, using a simple approach, with deviation from real value smaller than 10%. Utilization of the differential inputs of an FPGA chip as comparators together with an implementation of a TDC inside an FPGA allowed us to achieve a compact multi-channel system characterized by low power consumption and low production costs. This paper describes realization and functioning of the system comprising 192-channel TDC board and a four mezzanine cards which split incoming signals and discriminate them. The boards have been used to validate a newly developed Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography system based on plastic scintillators. The achieved full system time resolution of sigma (TOF) approximate to 68 ps is by factor of two better with respect to the current TOF-PET systems.
Measurement of gamma quantum interaction point in plastic scintillator with WLS strips
J. Smyrski, D. Alfs, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, E. Czerwiński, K. Dulski, A. Gajos, B. Głowacz, N. Gupta-Sharma, M. Gorgol, B. Jasińska, M. Kajetanowicz, D. Kamińska, G. Korcyl, P. Kowalski, W. Krzemień, N. Krawczyk, E. Kubicz, M. Mohammed, Sz. Niedźwiecki, M. Pawlik-Niedźwiecka, L. Raczyński, Z. Rudy, P. Salabura, M. Silarski, A. Strzelecki, A. Wieczorek, W. Wiślicki, J. Wojnarska, B. Zgardzińska, M. Zieliński, P. Moskal
abstract
The feasibility of measuring the aśxial coordinate of a gamma quantum interaction point in a plastic scintillator
bar via the detection of scintillation photons escaping from the scintillator with an array of wavelength-shifting
(WLS) strips is demonstrated. Using a test set-up comprising a BC-420 scintillator bar and an array of sixteen
BC-482A WLS strips we achieved a spatial resolution of 5 mm (?) for annihilation photons from a 22Na isotope.
The studied method can be used to improve the spatial resolution of a plastic-scintillator-based PET scanner
which is being developed by the J-PET collaboration.
Development of a dedicated front-end electronics for straw tube trackers in the (P)over-barANDA experiment
D. Przyborowski, T. Fiutowski, M. Idzik, M. Kajetanowicz, G. Korcyl, P. Salabura, J. Smyrski, P. Strzempek, K. Swientek, P. Terlecki, J. Tokarz
abstract
The design and tests of front-end electronics for straw tube trackers in the PANDA experiment at FAIR are presented. The challenges for the front-end electronics, comprising operation at high counting rate up to 1MHz per straw tube, are discussed and the proposed architecture comprising a switched gain charge sensitive preamplifier (CSP), a pole-zero cancellation circuit (PZC), a second order variable peaking time shaper, a trimming ion tail cancellation circuit, and a baseline holder (BLH), is described. The front-end provides an analogue output and a discriminator with LVDS differential driver for the Time-of-Arrival (ToA) and Time-over-Threshold (ToT) measurements. A prototype readout ASIC featuring four channels was fabricated in 0.35 mu m CMOS technology consuming 15.5 mW (analog part) and 12 mW (LVDS) per channel. The results of measurements of peaking time (25-67 ns), gain, noise (ENC 800-2500 el. for various gains), time walk and jitter are presented as well as the first results obtained with prototype straw tubes connected.
TOF-PET detector concept based on organic scintillators
P. Moskal, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, M. Ciszewska, E. Czerwiński, A. Heczko, M. Kajetanowicz, Ł. Kapłon, A. Kochanowski, G. Konopka-Cupiał, G. Korcyl, W. Krzemień, K. Łojek, J. Majewski, W. Migdał, M. Molenda, S. Niedźwiecki, M. Pałka, Z. Rudy, P. Salabura, M. Silarski, A. Słomski, J. Smyrski, J. Zdebik, M. Zieliński
abstract
In this contribution we present a new concept of the large acceptance detector systems based on organic scintillators which may allow for simultaneous diagnostic of large fraction of the human body. Novelty of the concept lies in employing large blocks of polymer scintillators instead of crystals as detectors of annihilation quanta, and in using predominantly the timing of signals instead of their amplitudes.
Strip-PET: a novel detector concept for the TOF-PET scanner
P. Moskal, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, M. Ciszewska, E. Czerwiński, A. Heczko, M. Kajetanowicz, Ł. Kapłon, A. Kochanowski, G. Konopka-Cupiał, G. Korcyl, W. Krzemień, K. Łojek, J. Majewski, W. Migdał, M. Molenda, S. Niedźwiecki, M. Pałka, Z. Rudy, P. Salabura, M. Silarski, A. Słomski, J. Smyrski, J. Zdebik, M. Zieliński
abstract
We briefly present a design of a new PET scanner based on
strips of polymer scintillators arranged in a barrel constituting
a large acceptance detector. The solution proposed is based on
the superior timing properties of the polymer scintillators. The
position and time of the reaction of the gamma quanta in the
detector material will be determined based on the time of arrival
of light signals to the edges of the scintillator strips.
Technical Design Report for the PANDA (AntiProton Annihilations at Darmstadt) Straw Tube Tracker
W. Erni, ..., S. Jowzaee, M. Kajetanowicz, B. Kamys, S. Kistryn, G. Korcyl, K. Korcyl, W. Krzemień, A. Magiera, P. Moskal, M. Palka, Z. Rudy, P. Salabura, J. Smyrski, A. Wrońska et al.
abstract
This document describes the technical layout and the expected performance of the Straw Tube Tracker (STT), the main tracking detector of the PANDA target spectrometer. The STT encloses a Micro-Vertex-Detector (MVD) for the inner tracking and is followed in beam direction by a set of GEM-stations. The tasks of the STT are the measurement of the particle momentum from the reconstructed trajectory and the measurement of the specific energy-loss for a particle identification. Dedicated simulations with full analysis studies of certain proton-antiproton reactions, identified as being benchmark tests for the whole Panda scientific program, have been performed to test the STT layout and performance. The results are presented, and the time lines to construct the STT are described.
The HADES-at-FAIR project
K. Lapidus, G. Agakishiev, A. Balanda, R. Bassini, C. Behnke, A. Belyaev, A. Blanco, M. Bohmer, P. Cabanelas, N. Carolino, JC. Chen, S. Chernenko, J. Diaz, A. Dybczak, E. Epple, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Finocchiaro, P. Fonte, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, T. Galatyuk, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, A. Gil, K. Gobel, M. Golubeva, D. Gonzalez-Diaz, F. Guber, M. Gumberidze, S. Harabasz, K. Heidel, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, R. Holzmann, P. Huck, J. Hutsch, A. Ierusalimov, I. Iori, A. Ivashkin, M. Jurkovic, B. Kampfer, M. Kajetanowicz, T. Karavicheva, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, BW. Kolb, G. Korcyl, G. Kornakov, R. Kotte, A. Kozuch, E. Krebs, R. Krucken, H. Kuc, W. Kuhn, A. Kugler, A. Kurepin, A. Kurilkin, P. Kurilkin, V. Ladygin, R. Lalik, JS. Lange, M. Liu, T. Liu, L. Lopes, M. Lorenz, G. Lykasov, L. Maier, A. Malakhov, A. Mangiarotti, et al.
abstract
After the completion of the experimental program at SIS18 the HADES setup will migrate to FAIR, where it will deliver high-quality data for heavy-ion collisions in an unexplored energy range of up to 8 A GeV. In this contribution, we briefly present the physics case, relevant detector characteristics and discuss the recently completed upgrade of HADES.
Tracking with Straw Tubes in the PANDA Experiment
P. Gianotti, V. Lucherini, E. Pace, K. Kozlov, H. Ohm, S. Orfanitski, M. Mertens, J. Ritman, M. Roeder, V. Serdyuk, P. Wintz, M. Idzik, D. Przyborowski, S. Jowzaee, M. Kajetanowicz, G. Korcyl, P. Salabura, J. Smyrski, P. Kulessa, K. Pysz, G. Boca, S. Costanza, L. Lavezzi, P. Montagna, A. Rotondi, M. Savrie, O. Levitskaya, A. Kashchuk
abstract
Tracking charged particles is one of the essential tasks of the PANDA experiment, providing information about primary and secondary decay vertices, momenta and type of charged particles emitted after antiproton-proton annihilation, Different tracking devices are under construction for the PANDA spectrometer and among them the two straw tube trackers, A new technique, based on the use of straw tubes operated at over-pressure has been adopted allowing the construction of self-supporting modules avoiding heavy mechanical frames.
The New Data Acquisition System for the HADES Experiment
M. Palka, M. Bohmer, I. Frohlich, M. Kajetanowicz, J. Michel, P. Salabura, P. Skott, J. Stroth, H. Strobele, A. Tarantola, M. Traxler, R. Trebacz, E. Usenko, S. Yurevich
abstract
HADES (High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer) is a running experiment installed at the SIS-18 synchrotron (GSI, Germany). The detector system has eighty thousands electronic channels provided by several different detectors: RICH (Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector), RPC, Multi-wire Drift Chambers (MDCs), TOF (Time of flight wall), preShower (Shower) and beam detectors. During recent years, HADES has completed severals physics runs, from elementary reactions up to moderate ion systems. Currently, the detector undergoes an upgrade ("HADES-at-FAIR") for both the experimental setup and the data acquisition, in order to be able to take data in the Au+Au collision system at 8 GeV/u with a sustained trigger rate of 20 kHz. The average amount of data is expected to be 300MB/s. The DAQ upgrade includes the digital readout, the trigger distribution and event builder electronics and, moreover, also part of the front end electronics.
Study of dielectron production in C+C collisions at 1 A GeV
G. Agakishiev, C. Agodi, H. Alvarez-Pol, A. Balanda, R. Bassini, G. Bellia, D. Belver, A. Belyaev, A. Blanco, M. Bohmer, A. Bortolotti, JL. Boyard, P. Braun-Munzinger, P. Cabanelas, E. Castro, S. Chernenko, T. Christ, M. Destefanis, J. Diaz, F. Dohrmann, A. Dybczak, T. Eberl, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Finocchiaro, P. Fonte, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, T. Galatyuk, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, A. Gil, C. Gilardi, M. Golubeva, D. Gonzalez-Diaz, E. Grosse, F. Guber, M. Heilmann, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, R. Holzmann, A. Lerusalimov, I. Iori, A. Ivashkin, M. Jurkovic, B. Kampfer, M. Kajetanowicz, K. Kanaki, T. Karavicheva, D. Kirschner, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, BW. Kolb, R. Kotte, A. Kozuch, A. Krasa, F. Krizek, R. Krucken, W. Kuhn, A. Kugler, A. Kurepin, J. Lamas-Valverde, S. Lang, JS. Lange, K. Lapidus, L. Lopes, L. Maier, et al.
abstract
The emission of e(+)e(-) pairs from C + C collisions at an incident energy of 1 GeV per nucleon has been investigated. The measured production probabilities, spanning from the pi(0)-Dalitz to the rho/omega invariant-mass region, display a strong excess above the cocktail of standard hadronic sources. The bombarding-energy dependence of this excess is found to scale like pion production, rather than like eta production. The data are in good agreement with results obtained in the former DLS experiment. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A general purpose trigger and readout board for HADES and FAIR-experiments
I. Frohlich, M. Kajetanowicz, K. Korcy, W. Krzemien, M. Palka, P. Salabura, C. Schrader, P. Skott, H. Strobele, J. Stroth, A. Tarantola, M. Traxler, R. Trebacz, S. Yurevich
abstract
HADES is a running spectrometer installed at GSI, Germany. PANDA and CBM are planned detector systems for the new FAIR facility at GSI. For these detectors, a general-purpose trigger and readout board with on-board DAQ functionality was developed. The original motivation for this project was the implementation of a 128-channel time to digital converter (TDC) with a time resolution of sigma = 40 ps based on the HPTDC chip from CERN into a fully fledged data acquisition system. The application of the board is detector independent, includes a 2 Gbit/s optical link and has the option to employ the TDC chips and/or to integrate versatile add-on boards through 16 Gbit/s connectors. The latter one may interface to the front end electronics of other types of detectors. A large FPGA (Xilinx Virtex 4 LX40) and a TigerSharc DSP can be used as on-board resources for trigger and on-line analysis algorithms. Data transfer to mass storage and slow control is done via an ETRAX processor running Linux and a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet interface.
TRB for HADES and FAIR experiments at GSI
I. Frohlich, C. Schrader, H. Stroeble, J. Stroth, A. Tarantrola, M. Kajetanowicz, K. Korcyl, W. Krzemien, M. Palka, P. Salabura, R. Trebacz, P. Skott, M. Traxler
abstract
TRB module is a multi-purpose Trigger and Readout Board with on-board DAQ functionality developed for the upgrade of the HADES experiment. It contains single computer chip (Etrax) running Linux and the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet interface. It has been orginally designed as the 128-channel Time to Digital Converter based on the HPTDC chip from CERN. The new version of TRB contains 2 Gbit/s optical link and interface connector (15 Gbit/s) implementing the add-on card concept and making the board more flexible. Moreover, FPGA chip (Xilinx, Virtex 4 LX 40) and TigerSharc DSP provide new computing resources which can be used to run on-line analysis algorithms. The TRB is proposed as a prototype of base readout module for the planned detector systems PANDA and CBM at the future FAIR facility at GSI-Darmstadt.
Dielectron production in C-12+C-12 collisions at 2A GeV with the HADES spectrometer
G. Agakichiev, C. Agodi, H. Alvarez-Pol, A. Balanda, D. Bertini, J. Bielcik, G. Bellia, M. Bohmer, H. Bokemeyer, JL. Boyard, P. Braun-Munzinger, P. Cabanelas, S. Chernenko, T. Christ, R. Coniglione, L. Cosentino, J. Diaz, F. Dohrmann, I. Duran, T. Eberl, W. Enghardt, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, C. Fernandez, P. Finocchiaro, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, B. Fuentes, C. Garabatos, JA. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, C. Gilardi, M. Golubeva, D. Gonzalez-Diaz, E. Grosse, F. Guber, T. Hennino, S. Hlavac, R. Holzmann, J. Homolka, A. Ierusalimov, I. Iori, A. Ivashkin, M. Jaskula, M. Jurkovic, M. Kagarlis, M. Kajetanowicz, B. Kampfer, K. Kanaki, T. Karavicheva, A. Kastenmuller, L. Kidon, P. Kienle, I. Koenig, W. Koenig, HJ. Korner, BW. Kolb, R. Kotte, R. Krucken, A. Kugler, W. Kuhn, R. Kulessa, A. Kurepin, S. Lang, S. Lange, J. Lehnert, E. Lins, et al.
abstract
The invariant-mass spectrum of e(+) e(-) pairs produced in C-12 + C-12 collisions at an incident energy of 2 GeV per nucleon has been measured for the first time. The measured pair production probabilities span over 5 orders of magnitude from the pi(0)-Dalitz to the rho/omega invariant-mass region. Dalitz decays of pi(0) and eta account for all the yield up to 0.15 GeV/c(2), but for only about 50% above this mass. A comparison with model calculations shows that the excess pair yield is likely due to baryon-resonance and vector-meson decays. Transport calculations based on vacuum spectral functions fail, however, to describe the entire mass region.
A general purpose trigger and readout board for HADES and FAIR-experiments
I. Frohlich, M. Kajetanowicz, K. Korcyl, W. Krzemien, A. Palka, P. Salabura, C. Schrader, P. Skott, H. Strobele, J. Stroth, A. Tarantola, M. Traxler, R. Trebacz
abstract
HADES is a running spectrometer installed at GSI, Germany. PANDA and CBM are planned detector systems for the new FAIR facility at GSL For these detectors, a general-purpose trigger and readout board (TRB) with on-board DAQ functionality was developed. Data readout and slow control is done via an Etrax processor running Linux and a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet interface. The original motivation and application of the hardware is the implementation of a 128-channel Time to Digital Converter (TDC) electronics based on the HPTDC from CERN (we achieve sigma = 40 ps resolution). However, it has been developed in a way to be detector independent and thus may serve for any high-speed data acquisition by using a flexible add-on board concept (interface connector 15 Gbit/s) and an optical link (2 Gbit/s). A large FPGA (Xilinx Virtex 4 LX40) and a TigerSharc DSP can be used as on-board resources for trigger and on-line analysis algorithms.
HADES experiment: Di-lepton spectroscopy in p+p (2.2 GeV) and C+C (1 and 2 A GeV) collisions
W. Przygoda, C. Agakishiev, C. Agodi, H. Alvarez-Pol, A. Balanda, R. Bassini, G. Bellia, D. Belver, J. Bielcik, A. Blanco, M. Bohmer, C. Boiano, A. Bortolotti, J. Boyard, S. Brambilla, P. Braun-Munzinger, P. Cabanelas, S. Chernenko, T. Christ, R. Coniglione, M. Dahlinger, J. Diaz, R. Djeridi, F. Dohrmann, I. Duran, T. Eberl, W. Enghardt, L. Fabbietti, O. Fateev, P. Finocchiaro, P. Fonte, J. Friese, I. Frohlich, J. Garzon, R. Gernhauser, M. Golubeva, D. Gonzalez-Diaz, E. Grosse, F. Guber, T. Heinz, T. Hennino, S. Hlavac, J. Hoffmann, R. Holzmann, A. Ierusalimov, I. Iori, A. Ivashkin, M. Jaskula, M. Jurkovic, M. Kajetanowicz, B. Kampfer, K. Kanaki, T. Karavicheva, D. Kirschner, I. Konig, W. Konig, B. Kolb, U. Kopf, R. Kotte, J. Kotulic-Bunta, R. Krucken, A. Kugler, W. Kuhn, R. Kulessa, S. Lang, J. Lehnert, L. Maier, et al.
abstract
The HADES (High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer) is a tool designed for lepton pair (e(+)e(-)) spectroscopy in pion, proton and heavy ion induced reactions in the 1-2 A GeV energy range. One of the goals of the HADES experiment is to study in-medium modifications of hadron properties like effective masses, decay widths, electromagnetic form factors etc. Such effects can be probed with vector mesons (rho, omega, phi) decaying into e(+)e(-) channel. The identification of vector mesons by means of a HADES spectrometer is based on invariant mass reconstruction of e+e- pairs. The combined information from all spectrometer sub-detectors is used to reconstruct the di-lepton signal. The recent results from 2.2 GeV p + p, 1 A GeV and 2 A GeV C+C experiments are presented.
The HADES pre-shower detector
A. Balanda, M. Jaskula, M. Kajetanowicz, L. Kidon, K. Korcyl, W. Kuhn, R. Kulessa, A. Malarz, J. Otwinowski, M. Petri, J. Pietraszko, W. Prokopowicz, W. Przygoda, P. Salabura, A. Skoczen, M. Szczybura, E. Wajda, W. Walus, M. Wisniowski, T. Wojcik
abstract
The Pre-Shower detector was built for the high acceptance di-electron spectrometer to identify electrons produced in pion, proton and heavy ion-induced reactions in the 0.2 < p < 1.5 GeV/c momentum range. The system is composed of three layers of wire chambers interleaved with two layers of lead converters for electromagnetic shower formation. A scintillator wall is placed in front of the detector for time-of-flight measurements. The paper describes the Pre-Shower detector construction, the detector operation, the read-out electronics and its response to charged particles studied with electron, proton and heavy ion beams. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Performance of the pre-shower system in the HADES spectrometer
J. Pietraszko, A. Balanda, M. Jaskula, L. Kidon, R. Kulessa, E. Lubkiewicz, A. Malarz, J. Otwinowski, W. Prokopowicz, W. Przygoda, P. Salabura, E. Wajda, W. Walus, M. Pioskon, T. Wojcik, M. Kajetanowicz, K. Korcyl, A. Skoczen
abstract
The Pre-Shower detector system of the HADES spectrometer is applied to electron identification with emphasis on fast hadron rejection at forward angles. The detector is operated in the self-quenching streamer mode (SQS) to simplify on-line recognition of electromagnetic showers. Stable electronics at low noise guarantee robust pattern recognition through the experimental runs. The construction and performance of the detector is presented.
Development of a fast pad readout system for the HADES shower detector
A. Balanda, M. Debowski, M. Jaskula, L. Kidon, R. Kulessa, J. Foryciarz, E. Lubkiewicz, A. Malarz, J. Otwinowski, J. Pietraszko, W. Prokopowicz, A. Ratajczak, P. Salabura, E. Wajda, W. Walus, M. Kajetanowicz, K. Korcyl, A. Skoczen, W. Kuhn, M. Petri
abstract
The paper presents the readout system for the 18432 channels of the HADES shower detector. The readout system consists of an analog front-end ASIC for the readout of the pad multiwire chamber, a resdout controller board, the so-called readout board for collection and digitization of the analog information from the ASIC and an optical link system for the data transfer. The readout system is designed to cope with event rate of 10(5) events/s and a data transfer rate of 1.9 Gbyte/s. Utilizing a multistage fast multiplexing system, the cost per channel is kept on the level of $5. Recent results from a test experiment confirm the intended performance of the readout system. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
